Biotrade Designer’s Toolkit: Yellow Anaconda (Eunectes Notaeus)

2 Sustainable Materials Fashion Industry Biodiversity/Ecosystems/Community Impact Review Yellow AnAcondA EunEctEs notaEus York Geneva, 2014 BIOTRADE – DEsIgnER’ TOOlkIT Note views expressed publication author necessarily reflect views United Nations. designations employed presentation material imply expression opinion part United Nations legal status country, territory, city area, authorities delimitation frontiers boundaries. Material publication freely quoted reprinted, acknowledgement requested, copy publication quotation reprint UNCTAD secretariat. UNCTAD/DITC/TED/2012/5 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Copyright © United Nations, 2014 rights reserved Acknowledgements publication prepared United Nations Conference Trade Development (UNCTAD) BioTrade Initiative Burak Cakmak. publication developed Swiss State Secretariat Economic Affairs (SECO)–UNCTAD partnership, BioTrade Facilitation Programme – Phase II. publication, BioTrade Designer’ Toolkit: Yellow Anaconda Eunectes notaeus. Sustainable Materials Fashion Industry: Biodiversity / Ecosystems / Community Impact Review product BioTrade Initiative, part Division International Trade Goods Services, Commodities (DITC), UNCTAD. part larger effort UNCTAD analyze trade-related issues importance developing countries. study benefited inputs David Prosser, Tomá Waller Patricio Micucci, assisted Yvonne Paredes. desktop formatting Rafe Dent. Guillermo Valles, Director, Division International Trade Goods Services, Commodities. iii Contents Note ..................................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................... ii . INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 1 . Material specifications ............................................................................................................ 1 1. Taxonomy ......................................................................................................................................... 1 2. Common names ............................................................................................................................... 1 3. Trade names ..................................................................................................................................... 1 4. (etymology) ............................................................................................................................. 1 . Facts ...................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Biological characteristics ................................................................................................................... 1 2. Distribution ....................................................................................................................................... 1 3. Habitat .............................................................................................................................................. 1 4. Ecology ............................................................................................................................................ 2 5. Diet ................................................................................................................................................... 2 6. Breeding ........................................................................................................................................... 2 II. MARKET OVERVIEW ............................................................................................. 3 . Sourcing insights .................................................................................................................................... 3 1. Supply chain structure ...................................................................................................................... 3 2. Processing ........................................................................................................................................ 3 . Harvest overview .................................................................................................................................... 3 1. Exporters .......................................................................................................................................... 3 2. Tanneries .......................................................................................................................................... 5 3. Production export statistics ........................................................................................................ 5 . Trade policies.......................................................................................................................................... 5 . Commercial applications ......................................................................................................................... 7 1. -products ...................................................................................................................................... 7 III. MATERIAL BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REVIEW ........................... 8 . Conservation overview ............................................................................................................................ 8 1. Legal status ...................................................................................................................................... 8 2. Principal threats ................................................................................................................................ 8 . Sustainable ...................................................................................................................................... 8 1. Yellow Anaconda Management Program .................................................................................... 9 2. Programme setting ........................................................................................................................... 9 3. Harvest control procedures ............................................................................................................... 9 4. Harvest sustainability monitoring ..................................................................................................... 11 . Habitat conservation benefits ................................................................................................................ 12 . Access benefit sharing/community benefits .......................................................................................... 12 References ................................................................................................................................................ 13 Contents 1I. Introduction Yellow anaconda Figure 1. Distribution map (shaded) yellow anaconda (Eunectes notaeus) . INTRODUCTION wild harvesting animals Yellow Anaconda potential conserva- tion tool species protection ’ habitats.  economic incentives local communities receive linked habitat, producing strong reasons protect care natural areas. Yellow Anaconda Management Program Formosa province Argentina (YAMP) management program snake species world, promoting conservation biodiversity social environmental impacts manage- ment trade species. factsheet insight sustainable management program species highlights market potential, including trade facts poten- tial policies Yellow Anaconda skin trade. . Material specifications 1. Taxonomy Kingdom: Animalia. Phylum: Chordata. Class: Reptilia. Order: Serpentes. Family: Boidae. Genus: Eunectes. Taxon: Eunectes notaeus Cope, 1862. 2. Common names English: Yellow anaconda. French: Anaconda jaune. German: Gelbe anakonda. Spanish: Anaconda amarilla. 3. Trade names Kuriju, sucuri amarela, yellow anaconda. 4. (etymology) Eunectes derived Greek word υνήκτης, means “good swimmer”. Local names yellow anaconda South America include Native American terms curiyú Argentina Paraguay, sucuri amarela sucuriju Brazil. . Facts 1. Biological characteristics yellow anacondas smaller green anacondas (Eunectes murinus, world’ big- gest snakes) reach lengths 4 meters (typical adult range 2 3 ). Yellow anacondas yellowish-green background color blackish bands overlapping spots wrap entire body. camouflage murky water vegetated marshes. Females grow longer males generally weigh . Male yellow anacondas reach 2.5 total length female reach maximum length 4 (Waller al., 2007). 2. Distribution Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay ( figure 1). 3. Habitat Yellow anacondas lagoons, swamps marshlands slow-moving rivers streams. droughts caves shelter riverbanks ponds retain water. rainy months, yellow anacon- das flooded, treeless areas, hunt fishes, water snakes, caimans, water rats, birds (Burton, 1967; Waller al., 2007). 2 BIOTRADE DESIGNER’ TOOLKIT YELLOW ANACONDA Eunectes notaeus Habitat regions: Tropical / subtropical; terrestrial; freshwater. Terrestrial biomes: Tropical subtropical - ests savannas. Aquatic biomes: Rivers streams. Wetlands: Marsh; swamp. habitat features: Riparian; caves. 4. Ecology Yellow anacondas keystone species; top predators ecosystems inhabit. Yellow anacondas interact animals predator-prey relationship, influencing influ- enced populations species. captivity yellow anacondas live 20 years. wild, typical lifespan shorter depending natural conditions. key biological traits anacondas, growth, age repro- duction, reproductive frequency, flexible change varying environmental conditions, yellow anaconda populations resilient induced natural mortal- ity events (Waller al., 2007). 5. Diet Yellow anacondas trophic generalists, preying animals wetland riparian areas range. diet consists birds, bird eggs, small mammals, turtles, snakes, occasional fish fish carrion, caimans. Yellow anacondas considered ambush predators constrictors. eat days weeks, depend- ing size prey item prey availability. wild, predation occurs dry periods wetlands shrunk prey concentrates remaining water bodies (Parker, 1963; Strussmann, 1997; Waller al., 2007). 6. Breeding Female anacondas breed years frequently, depending body condition. viviparous, largest females capable giv- ing birth 45 offspring reproductive event, offspring 55 cm length. Mating Argentina takes place onset local spring season ( September October). Males attracted females release pheromones surroundings. males congregate single female “mating balls”, engaging copulation alternatively. Ovulation occurs November gestation takes 5 months, delivery offspring hot season, dur- ing March early April. Anacondas reach sexual maturity 3 4 years . Schmidt Inger, 1982; Mattison, 1995; Waller al., 2007). 3II. Market overview II. MARKET OVERVIEW Anaconda skins, boas pythons, considered valuable resource highly prized manufacture exotic leather goods (Jenkins Broad, 1994). Historically, Yellow Anaconda skins exported Argentina Paraguay, primarily USA Europe (Micucci al. 2006a). trade effectively banned 1999, sustainable management program established 2002 controlled trade recommenced 2003. Today, Yellow Anaconda Management Program Argentina produces average 4,000 skins (10,000 linear meters) year export. . Sourcing insights forty years, mid 1940’ late 1980’, yellow anaconda exploited Argentina Paraguay skin. 10,000 60,000 skins exported annually United States Europe (Waller Micucci, 1993), ban effectively implemented late 1990’. time, exploitation yellow anacon- das carried informally, management guidelines regard species’ biology (Waller al. 2007). hunting yellow anacondas diminished consid- erably trade effectively banned Argentina; , locations, anacondas op- portunistically captured skins smuggled neighboring countries export. result implementation Yellow Anaconda sustainable utilization program 2002 Province Formosa, Argentina, trade recommenced 2003 continues date. ‘Yellow Anaconda Management Program’ (YAMP) devised pro- duce entire skins export. skins produced field exported year. Cutting manufacturing allowed Argentina avoid illegal activities, , policy change future traceability system finished products put place. 1. Supply chain structure economic structure YAMP includes govern- ment (federal provincial), exporters (4), hunters ( 300), local buyers (6), NGO charge technical program. government sector receives smallest portion (4.2%) shared ben- efits. government delegates administration program NGO (Fundació Biodiversidad – Argentina) order encourage prompt direct al- location funds research monitoring (14.8%). Hunters local buyers collectively earn 13.3%, -fourths amount hunters’ pockets. , - inter- national skin remains region. actual earnings local community level represent -fold increase prices paid illegal traders years , program strongly encour- ages higher prices enhance local allocation benefits. , price hunters local buyers increased 30% 2012 compared 2007 fig- ures (Table 1) expected increase season (2014). Table 1: YAMP benefit sharing 2007 (based US$50 skin price). Stakeholder US$ % Provincial export taxes 2.1 4.2 Program running costs (NGO) 7.4 14.8 Hunters local buyers 6.7 13.3 Stockpiling logistic expenses 3.1 6.2 Total expenses skin 19.3 38.5 Exportes income 30.7 61.5 Source: Micucci, . . Waller. (2007). Management Yellow Anacondas (Eunectes notaeus) Argentina: Historical Misuse Resource Appreciation. Vol. 14:3. 2. Processing export, minimum allowed skin size, 230 cm long 23 cm wide. Actual skin sizes range 230 440 cm average size 260 cm annual harvests. addition, year Program establishes specific skinning pattern, level tail, differentiate year’ skins avoid stockpiling. Skins nail-stretched ground sun drying hunters fields . nail skins ground, hunters spines local invasive tree called Vinal (Prosopis ruscifolia). slaughtering houses “live” stockpiling facilities region. stage, additives chemical treatments skins. skins dried, rolled stockpiled dark sale lo- cal buyer (stockpiler). Raw skins stored month stockpiling facility rinsed diesel moth repellent. skins year (Figure 2). 4 BIOTRADE DESIGNER’ TOOLKIT YELLOW ANACONDA Eunectes notaeus Figure 2: stages processing yellow anaconda skins : ( photo credits: Fundacion Biodiversidad, Argentina). Yellow anaconda: Hunting expedition: Hunter: Sun drying skins: Nailing skins tree spines: Crust skins: Export button tag:Skinning patterns: 5II. Market overview Figure 3. Number skins produced year Source: CITES Trade database, UNEP-WCMC. 5 664 5 381 5 378 4 616 2 824 5 678 3 721 5 420 4 081 4 430 0 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 . Harvest overview 1. Exporters early years, (2002-2006) YAMP worked 7 local companies connected reptile skin trade export business. , years participating local companies decreased 4 5 companies, 2 companies official exporters acquire skins companies export.   2 exporting companies : . . Milkis, éspedes 2639 – Piso 6, Dpto. 6, C1426DUK Buenos Aires, Argentina. Email: jamilkis@gmail.. Silberfurs SA, Suárez 2778, C1284AGL Buenos Aires, Argentina. Email: administracion@silberfurs..ar. 2. Tanneries Formosa province legally requires raw skins leave territory part processed. , skins crust tanned pickled local tannery leaving province export. main importer 8 years YAMP (2002- 2009) Conceria Caravel Spa Italy. tanneries buying skins. main tanneries sourcing yellow anaconda skins inter- national level : 1. Conceria Caravel Spa (http://www.caravelspa. /), dei Campi Alti, 3/5/9, 56022 Castelfranco di Sotto (PI), Italy. 2. Legnotan Spa (http://www.legnotan./) 105, . Diaz, 56028 San Miniato (PI), Italy. 3. Panamerian Leathers . (http://www.panamleath- ers./), 48 Pleasant Avenue, Johnstown, NY 12095, USA. 3. Production export statistics Skins produced Yellow Anaconda Management Program. skins produced exported. 2003 2010 (2011 excluded), 34607 skins exported Germany Italy (Conceria Caravelle SPA), 3736 United States, rest Panama. . Trade policies part YAMP, yellow anaconda skins tagged prior export numbered button tag: AR – YA number (AR: Argentina, YA: Yellow Anaconda, consecutive number 2002). 6 BIOTRADE DESIGNER’ TOOLKIT YELLOW ANACONDA Eunectes notaeus Figure 4. Skins exported Argentina CITES Trade Statistics supplied UNEP-WCMC (exports exhibit commercialization lags years) Note: 2003 2010 (2011 excluded), 34 607 skins exported Italy (Conceria Caravelle SPA), 3 736 United States, rest Paraguay. 0 5 050 5 469 5 390 4 196 8 000 1 836 4 083 5 710 4 081 0 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000 8 000 9 000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Figure 5. Sample yellow anaconda products: manufacturer - KellyLocke, Ca, USA http://www.kellylocke./ export quotas yellow anaconda skins Argentina. yellow anaconda skins produced result management policy based regu- lation hunting, season, fixed minimum skin size. resulting yearly production figures show productivity ecosystem caused environmental factors. United States specific import regula- tions related yellow anaconda yellow anaconda listed Endangered Species Act. ban import pythons California, traders substituted yellow anaconda skins python skins. import quotas yellow anaconda skins set European Union. proposal YAMP, European Commission established minimum skin size policy imports 2004 import skins, country, 230 cm length. 7II. Market overview . Commercial applications Yellow anaconda skins primarily making bags, belts wallets. production allowed Argentina ensure effectiveness - servation program. 1. -products , skin primary part yellow anaconda. animal skinned, rest discarded feed farm animals (primarily pigs) living La Estrella Marsh Formosa province, Argentina. local tradition consuming snake meat based current volumes, export meat countries demand commercially viable. 8 BIOTRADE DESIGNER’ TOOLKIT YELLOW ANACONDA Eunectes notaeus III. MATERIAL BIODIVERSITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REVIEW Yellow Anaconda Management Program initi- ated 2002 Province Formosa, Argentina. management plan conceived manage activity exploiting valuable wild- life resource regard existing regulations. Designated hunting areas assigned restrict- ed number local skin buyers (LSB). LSB au- thorized acquire hides enrolled hunters living working assigned territory; overlapping areas buyers discouraged regulated. mini- mum skin size 230 cm established skins, annual skinning patterns ensure hunters stockpile hides year . Sustainability species regulated examining hunting effort relation catch--unit effort (CPUE) monitoring traditional parameters sex, origin, size skins. 15% program’ gross revenues return cover program costs, 13% community members. . Conservation overview 1. Legal status CITES yellow anaconda listed Appendix II CITES. IUCN Red List Yellow Anaconda evaluated IUCN Red List Endangered species. 2. Principal threats Habitat destruction, unregulated commercial hunting persecution fear potential threats species. Climate change pose risk populations inhabiting hyper seasonal wetlands. . Sustainable the1940s early 2000s, management yellow anaconda skins period chaos period order developing mature market. period, period “unrestricted hunting” uncertain origins. clear records, period occurred late 1930’ early 1940’sbut, due lack records, difficult quantify volume commer- cial activity reliable manner. National Law Protection Wildlife (Law 13 908) legislation passed 1950’, , , prohibited hunting species. , due market demand high skins, illegal hunting continued 1980s. 1980, Argentina ratified Convention International Trade Endangered Species Wild Fauna Flora (Law 22 344), listed yellow anaconda Appendix II. 1981, Law 22 421 (National Fauna Conservation Law) enacted regulated implementa- tion Appendix II CITES-listed species , 1986, Resolution 24/86 prohibited hunting, inter-provin- cial traffic trade federal jurisdiction yellow anacondas. measures se ef- fective halting illegal hunting trade yellow anacondas Argentina ban effectively implemented late 1990’. 2001, period YAMP “administration” began, based scientific criteria aim creating effective reliable system. change realized, change legal administrative procedures, ensure understanding part industrial sectors comply guidelines renewable natural resources. 2001, study carried analyze feasibility harvesting yellow anaconda sustainable manner (Micucci al. 2002). Research focused social ecological aspects, involved experimentation innovative management policies. 2002, direct result research, CITES Management Authority asked Fundació Biodiversidad – Argentina design man- agement program species. experimental pilot program (EPP) “Program conservation sustainable yellow anaconda (Eunectes notaeus) Argentina” car- ried Formosa Province 2002 2004. EPP designed increase knowledge reproduction natural history species establish experimental management rules control criteria. involved analysis resource exploitation ecological economic stand- points. -year period, 16,517 skins obtained length 2.6 , - stant CPUE yield values. represent records abundance sustainability indicators - species , intensively - 9III. Material biodiversity environmental impact review ploited decades, experienced official hunting moratorium ensured hunting pressure. 1. Yellow Anaconda Management Program Yellow Anaconda Management Program (YAMP) seeks reconcile traditional utilization - source long-term conservation, additional goals promoting biological research anacondas, avoiding resource misuse waste, maximizing local income favoring resource habitat appreciation (Micucci al. 2006a). conceptual perspective, program Adaptive Management Approach (AMA; Holling 1978), adopted due high levels uncertainty system, ideal conceptual framework exploited species research population monitoring stan- dard methods unfeasible practical terms. AMA works step--step basis, monitoring effects actions specific control variables promoting , appropri- ate, feedback fashion progressively reduce uncertainty. Anaconda populations managed basis “sustained yield” harvest theory (Caughley Sinclair 1994, Webb 2002). Specifically, pro- gram tested surplus-yield production models (.., Schaefer 1954, Fox 1970), fisheries, terrestrial fauna. methodological perspective, harvest controlled placing quota controlling hunting effort (setting hunting season limiting number people amount time harvesting population; Caughley Sinclair 1994). YAMP approach, making effort control number animals harvested. Harvesting constant number animals year risky, par- ticularly population affected en- vironmentally induced swings (Caughley Sinclair 1994) conducting census populations difficult; situations expected occur yellow anacondas inhabiting highly sea- sonal savannas. major reptile skin exporters financed program mechanism controlled central government. Federal regulations state project benefactors distribute benefits (.., snake hides) proportion funds contributed. Program costs fixed independent number skins pro- duced incentive produce skins finance research management. Province Formosa, northeastern Argentina, selected implementing experimental har- vest program due abundance anaconda habitat, long-standing hunting tradition, favor- governmental predisposition. 2. Program setting Formosan yellow anaconda populations - prised adults. Females larger males, occasionally reaching maximum size 4 , males rarely exceed 2,5 . Average animals 1,8 , large specimens - common (< 5%). Males exhibit larger cloacal spurs females, allowing determination sex skins. Growth maturity rapid, males capable breeding 1,3 females 1,5 . Anacondas reproduce average years, depending female’ fat reserves. Newborns large (55 cm), aggressive, fast growers (Waller al. 2007). Anacondas abundant Formosa, wet- lands Bañado La Estrella West (3,000 km2) Wet Chaco East (>6,000 km2) providing extensive habitat harboring potentially largest populations. 3. Harvest control procedures harvest yellow anacondas strictly confined elements: hunters, local skin buyers, - porters. Middlemen (-local buyers transport- ers) allowed. , middlemen increased skins detriment hunters. Anaconda collectors rural indigenous (pilagá, toba). rely livestock breeding, hunting, fishing. 300 families involved ana- conda hunting, (80%) area surround- ing La Estrella marsh. Delimited areas assigned restricted number local skin buyers (LSB). LSB authorized ac- quire hides enrolled hunters living working assigned territory. LSB act food supplier market-man, manage logis- tics transporting provisionally stockpiling snake hides. YAMP guidelines, exchange goods skins forbidden, specific request indigenous community. ensure - 10 BIOTRADE DESIGNER’ TOOLKIT YELLOW ANACONDA Eunectes notaeus Table 2. Main parameters yellow anaconda (Eunectes notaeus) skins harvested La Estrella Marsh, Formosa 2002 2006 Year 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Average skin lengtha (cm) 271 268 264 263 263 Number skins <230 cm 1 109 1 075 420 343 142 ε coefficientb (%) -4 -5.5 -0.4 +1.2 +0.4 Females (%) 70.5 69.9 75.8 75.4 76.3 Males (%) 21.3 22.1 20.7 23.1 22.4 Unknown sex (%) 8.2 8 3.5 1.5 1.3 Note: Average size hides >230cm correcting deformation ( text). Skin deformation coefficient ( text). pliance, harvest season, hunters surveyed randomly data collected prices payout modalities. LSB serves designated area, defined local buyer’ license. buyer reaches area, conflict LSBs, report relevant authorities. infringer suffer confiscation goods, penalties. rationale generate local socio-economic impact, equitably including families . April , series trips organized register inform LSBs modifications program guidelines. activities intended regulate hunting effort, program places limit number hunters ( practice represent specific number), actual numbers closely tied number skin buyers economic cultural reasons. week , immediately beginning harvest (June), LSBs notified skinning pattern forthcoming season. cases, hides bear spurs side, cases, side. , combination leaving entire head attached skin , instance, select number differ- ent skinning specifications year order minimize incidence illegal hunting stockpiling. minimum size hides 230 cm neck cloaca (tail excluded), live specimen measuring approximately 200 cm (Micucci al. 2003). females mature average 165 cm (Waller al. 2007), precautionary pro- vision intended anacondas reproductive opportunity hunted. harvest takes place June August (local winter), period yellow anacondas - hibit reproductive behavior. wide range winter temperatures promotes thermoregulatory - havior, allowing hunters find capture snakes hand. snakes, depending program research requirements, killed place transported live hunter’ home data collection. conditions imposed hunters en- forced bring skins LSBs sale. Skins comply program standards accepted. , LSBs visited periodi- cally representative exporters (purchasing agent), provincial wildlife officer, program team member purpose buying skins. skins checked compliance year-specific skinning pattern minimum size guidelines. time, skins conform program standards individually tagged control future tracking; -compliant hides seized , program provisions, destroyed. visits occur intervals weeks. procedures gradual decrease flexibility criteria reduced number undersized skins 1,109 skins 2002 142 hides 2006. sale, LSB fills “effort form,” legal document records number skins, hunter, date place harvest. document needed hides legally trans- ported Formosa. contents document crosschecked results periodic hunter surveys. case irregularities, buyer penalized cancellation license. Tagged hides obtained prescribed process transported periodically warehouse. repre- sentative exporters person authorized transport anaconda hides. arrive, skins 11III. Material biodiversity environmental impact review Figure 6. Size distribution shipment yellow anaconda skins seized measured 1996 Asunció, Paraguay ( = 539) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 inventoried. season, leaving province, hides sexed ( spurs bone remnants), measured, field tags replaced export tags comply federal regulations. export tag required CITES export - mit issued skins transported province. Wildlife inspectors Formosa, eventually central government, representative YAMP supervise procedure. skins tagged valuable data gathered, skins released distribution - porters. order transport hides tanneries export ports, Formosan authorities issue Transport Guide exporter. document enclosed shipment required CITES Management Authorities order issue CITES Export Permit. 4. Harvest sustainability monitoring impact harvest yellow anaconda popula- tions monitored traditional indicators (.., capture unit effort . effort, size sex structure harvest). Hunting effort closely checked means aforementioned effort forms, basic data recorded. model assumes batch skins sold hunter LSB repre- sents short measurable hunting period event. Actual harvest monitoring takes consideration significant correlation number hunters gross capture. hunters implies effort, capture, vice versa. (Micucci al. 2007). Monitoring sustainability assess evolution sex ratio harvested population. sexes, due temperatures, equally vulner- capture (Waller al. 2007). , females attain larger size males, established size limit (> 200 cm) expected result har- vest females males, constant predictable proportion. , actual harvest sex ratio (ca. 75% females) reflects established minimum size limit. Prior introduction sustainable pro- gram, anaconda exploitation permitted illegal hunting place total disregard size. traders local dealers, Formosa’ annual production approximately 20,000 skins widths > 15 cm (Micucci al. 2002, 2006a). hide width, data, correspond skin length 150 cm live anaconda 135 cm (Micucci al. 2002). shipment 500 seized skins Paraguay measured confirmed minimum size skins dur- ing illegal harvests size. translates practically (90%) anacondas sex older 1.5 years age (Waller al. 2007) vulnerable market-driven hunting period. indisput- current harvest policy substantially reduce female hunting, terms juveniles adults. 12 BIOTRADE DESIGNER’ TOOLKIT YELLOW ANACONDA Eunectes notaeus Current production, quotas, represents management-derived reduction harvest quar- ter Formosa’ historical values (5,000 . 20,000 skins), 40% reduction female vulnerability hunting. , Program conservative establishing minimum size limit fact , initially, appeared promote hunting fe- males. ultimately matters, , number, proportion females. harvest represents 5% total population, crop 75% female equates female extraction 3.75%, sustainable classical management standards. Hunters seek anacondas specific sizes, collect serendipitously snakes area (Waller al. 2007). years Program (2002–2003), prices paid skins size classes (230–290 cm, 291–390 cm, > 391 cm), stemming industry tradi- tions aimed promoting harvest larger snakes. , fostered -stretching narrowing skins increasing real proportion large skins harvest. 2004, avoid problem skin deformation, program established single price demanded anaconda hides conform standard represented equation: skin width mid-body = 0.10 skin length. population overexploited, expected significant reduction average size skins harvested / significant change size sex structure. , oscillating pattern ob- served, partly attributable skinning guidelines 2004 progressive reduc- tion small skins due imposition intensive controls. significant noted (Micucci al. 2007), suggested current harvest guidelines continued sus- tainable management anaconda populations. Assuming current controls maintained, sustainable management anaconda populations . tools applied control monitor harvest sustainability effective, replicated developing nations market- wildlife resources cost. . Habitat conservation benefits Program carried wetland called La Estrella Marsh province Formosa, Northern Argentina. area huge seasonal wet- land (3,000 km2) depends yearly Pilcomayo river floods. YAMP began, area pres- ence Government officials. YAMP brought regular visit wildlife officers verified local issues, including illegal sport hunting birds. increased awareness control, Government established rules manage area, declared Public Land Reserve sustainable programs ( YAMP) allowed harvest natural resources. , YAMP approved Program area. Local inhabitants allowed hunt bush meat livelihood. creation YAMP contributed management wetlands, leading protection natural reserve. Change status created opportunities eco- tourism region. . Access benefit sharing / community benefits result creation YAMP, 300 local inhabitants La Estrella Marsh receive additional income local winter months anaconda harvesting allowed (June August). Skin harvesting supplement income local community period labor demand scarce. hunters, 20% dedicated hunters rely income generated yellow anaconda collection winter months. Labor demand area highly variable depends temporal labor contract day’ pay basis. YAMP represents continuous important source income dedicated hunters spend winter months - lecting yellow anacondas skin trade. Income generated collection allowed hunters improve living conditions leading housing infrastructure families. 13References References Anderson, . . 1998. Errors inference. pp. 69-82. : . Sit & . Taylor (eds.) Statistical Methods Adaptive Management Studies. Res. Br., .. Min. ., Res. Br., Victoria, BC, Land Manage. Handb. 42. Begon, ., . Harper & . Townsend. 1986. Ecologí: individuos, poblaciones comunidades. 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